Red Mud

Red mud is composed of minerals such as hematite, gibbsite, calcite, quartz, goethite, diaspore, rutile, kaolinite, etc. (Wang and Liu, 2012) measured using an X-ray diffractometer. The specific weight of red mud is 2.77 gcm – 3 measured by a gas pycnometer. According to the particle size distribution, it is a very fine material and has a high surface area (Wang and Liu, 2012).

Red mud has a greater sorption capacity than any other inorganic addition because it has a large amount of hydroxides that are used in the adsorption and precipitation mechanism to remove Cd from water, and it has a large amount of Al and Fe oxides (Wang et al., 2008a). At low pH, red mud works well in removing Cd from the soil (Liu et al., 2011). Cd is more available at low pH; red mud raises the pH and stabilizes the pH due to this Cd adsorption, which increases and decreases the bioavailability of Cd (Worden et al., 2009). The use of red mud to decontaminate Cd is therefore an effective and environmentally friendly technique (Panda et al., 2017).

Anthropogenic Impacts

Though a colossal amount of red mud was discarded into the GOC for over half a century, effects on local marine food webs are unknown. Environmental concerns caused by disposal of red mud relate to its high alkalinity and sodicity (Paramguru et al., 2005; Power et al., 2011) and its documented hazards to sea life (Blackman and Wilson, 1973; Dauvin, 2010; Dethlefsen and Rosenthal, 1973; Pagano et al., 2002). Because red mud is a valuable resource that can be reused (e.g. Paramguru et al., 2005; Pontikes and Angelopoulos, 2013), systematic dumping of millions of tonnes at sea, let alone within a semienclosed Gulf such as the GOC, is not only hazardous but also wasteful.

High levels of metals were found in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) from the Bay of Antikyra (Malea et al., 1994), an area where levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were among the highest sampled throughout Greece (Botsou and Hatzianestis, 2012; Tsangaris et al., 2010, 2011). In the present study, distribution modelling showed no strong correlation between red mud deposits and dolphin occurrence.

Because striped dolphins tend to be epi- and mesopelagic feeders and red mud dumping impacts predominantly the seafloor, avoidance would not be expected. However, indirect effects such as contamination up the food web are possible (Jepson et al., 2016). Bottlenose dolphins are primarily benthic feeders, and thus any use of the area is likely to result in direct and indirect exposure to toxic contaminants, with unknown health effects.

On one occasion, bottlenose dolphins in the Bay of Antikyra were observed surfacing covered by red mud, indicating bottom feeding on the coastal deposit. Bottlenose dolphins are opportunistic feeders and they can occur in areas heavily impacted by human activities as long as prey is available (Bearzi et al., 2008b; Bonizzoni et al., 2014). Overlap between dolphin habitat and red mud deposits in the GOC raises concern, considering the immunotoxic and other detrimental effects of environmental pollutants (Desforges et al., 2016; Jepson et al., 2016).

 

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 0.5M HNO3
PCD2C4	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 305.51

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 3.5% HNO3
PCD4B4-500ML	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 450.43

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HCl
PCD2B3	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	250ML	EUR 214.12

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HCl
PCD4B3	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	250ML	EUR 279.4

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD2B2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	250ML	EUR 213.6

ICP Std Cadmium 1000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD2C2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 300

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD4A2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 207.6

ICP Std Cadmium 10000ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
RPCD4B2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	250ML	EUR 355.12

IC Cation Std Cadmium 1000ppm in 0.005% HNO3
ICCB09	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 408.65

IC Cation Std Cadmium 1000ppm in 0.005% HNO3
ICCS09	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 157.98

Ion Selective Electrode Std Cadmium 1000ppm
ISECD5	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 165.81

ICP Std Cadmium 100ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD1A2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 206.4

ICP Std Cadmium 100ug/mL in 2-5% HNO3
PCD1C3	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 287.23

Cadmium Sulfate, 1 M, 100 ML
M-CSS-152	MiTeGen	4 x 25 ml	EUR 143
Description: Cadmium Sulfate, 1 M, 100 ML

IC Cation Std Cadmium 100ppm in 0.005% HNO3
ICCU09	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 136.8

Cadmium Chloride, 1 M, 100 ML
M-CSS-151	MiTeGen	4 x 25 ml	EUR 143
Description: Cadmium Chloride, 1 M, 100 ML

Thermolabile UNG (Uracil N-Glycosylase)Prevention of carry-over contaminations** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service
M-PCR-353	MiTeGen	200 units	EUR 186
Description: Thermolabile UNG (Uracil N-Glycosylase)Prevention of carry-over contaminations** shipped ice packs - must be shipped via overnight service

TruStrip RDT Protein A (HCPs contaminant) Rapid Test cards, 10/pk
800-110-RDT-10	Alpha Diagnostics	1 Pk	EUR 205.2

TruStrip RDT Protein G (HCPs contaminant) Rapid Test cards, 10/pk
800-120-RDT-10	Alpha Diagnostics	1 Pk	EUR 205.2

EP Reagent Conc to make Cadmium Std Sol. 0.1% Cd
5000700	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 265.2

ICP Std Cadmium 10ug/mL in 2% HNO3
PCD01A6	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 99.23

ICP Std Cadmium 10ug/mL in 2% HNO3
PCD01D6	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	50ML	EUR 61.1

Ion Selective Electrode Std Cadmium 0.1M
ISECD01-5	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	5L	EUR 1554.97

Cadmium 1000 ug/g (1000 PPM) for AA and ICP 50 grams in Base Oil 75
ORG-CD8-2Z	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	50G	EUR 79.2

Cadmium 5000 ug/g (5000 PPM) for AA and ICP 50 grams in Base Oil 75
ORG-CD8-4Z	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	50G	EUR 85.2

Icp Standard Cadmium 2-5% Hno3 1000ug/ml
PCD2A2	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	100ML	EUR 120

Ionic Strength Adjustor Cadmium 5M NaNO3
ISACD5	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 165.81

Kinesis Hollow Cathode Lamp Cadmium 37mm Std
CHR5543	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 362.96

Kinesis Hollow Cathode Lamp Cadmium 50mm Standard
CHR5551	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 488.29

Kinesis Hollow Cathode Lamp Cadmium 37mm unicam Coded
CHR5547	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 412.57

Kinesis Hollow Cathode Lamp Cadmium 37mm Varian Coded
CHR5549	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 412.57

Carica papaya Papain ELISA kit (for measuring papain residue/contaminant in therapeutics), 96 tests
800-160-CPP	Alpha Diagnostics	1 Kit	EUR 927.6

Kinesis Hollow Cathode Lamp Cadmium 50mm PE AAnalyst (Lumina)
CHR5553	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 617.55

Assurance Grade Cadmium for AA and ICP 1000 ug/mL (1000 PPM) 30mL in 2% HNO3
PLCD2-2M	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	30ML	EUR 34.8

Assurance Grade Cadmium for AA and ICP 1000 ug/mL (1000 PPM) 250mL in 2% HNO3
PLCD2-2T	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	250ML	EUR 111.6

Assurance Grade Cadmium for AA and ICP 1000 ug/mL (1000 PPM) 500mL in 2% HNO3
PLCD2-2X	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	EUR 144

Assurance Grade Cadmium for AA and ICP 1000 ug/mL (1000 PPM) 125mL in 2% HNO3
PLCD2-2Y01	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	125ML	EUR 63.6